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Near-Infrared Spectra of 29 Carbon Stars: Simple Estimates of Effective Temperature
Near-infrared spectra of 29 carbon stars in the 0.9-2.4 μm range wereobtained by using a cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph. The targetstars, which were classified into C-H, C-R, C-J, and C-N types, wereselected from an atlas of Barnbaum, Stone, and Keenan (1996, ApJS, 105,419). Because the stars are non long-period variables, the phasedifferences of the light curves do not strongly affect the spectra. Theeffective temperatures (Teff) of the carbon stars wereestimated with errors of ± 200K by fitting our spectra atwavelengths of 1.35, 1.74, and 2.29 μm, with simple model spectra,while considering the H- opacity minimum to be around 1.6μm. At these wavelengths, molecular absorption due to CO, CN, andC2 is not strong. The derived effective temperatures aredistributed between 5100K and 2600K, and highly correlate with thetemperature sequence in Barnbaum, Stone, and Keenan (ibid.), althoughthe stars with temperature sequences beyond 4 have similar temperaturesnear ˜ 3000K. We also compared our results with values derived byother methods in the literature: the aperture diameter method, theinfrared flux method, and some model calculations.
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| CH stars at high Galactic latitudes
Carbon-rich stars of Population II, such as CH stars, can provide directinformation on the role of low- to intermediate-mass stars of the haloin early Galactic evolution. Thus accurate knowledge of the CH stellarpopulation is a critical requirement for building up scenarios for earlyGalactic chemical evolution. In the present work, we report on severalCH stars identified in a sample of faint high-latitude carbon stars fromthe Hamburg survey and discuss their medium-resolution spectra coveringthe wavelength range 4000-6800 Å. Estimation of the depths of the(1,0)12C12C λ4737 and(1,0)12C13C λ4744 bands in these starsindicates an isotopic ratio 12C/13C ~ 3, apartfrom a few exceptions; these ratios are consistent with existingtheories of CH stellar evolution. The stars of the Hamburg survey, atotal of 403 objects, were reported to be carbon star candidates withstrong C2 and CN molecular bands. In the first phase ofobservation, we acquired spectra of 91 objects. Inspection of thespectra of those objects shows 51 objects with C2 molecularbands in their spectra, of which 13 stars have low flux below about 4300Å. There are 25 objects that show weak or moderate CH and CNbands, 12 objects that show weak but detectable CH bands, and threeobjects that do not show any molecular bands due to C2, CN orCH in their spectra. Objects with C2 molecular bands and withgood signals bluewards of 4300 Åthat show prominent CH bands intheir spectra are potential candidate CH stars. There were 35 suchcandidates found in the present sample of 91 objects observed so far.The set of CH stars identified could be the targets of subsequentobservation at high resolution for a detailed and comprehensive analysisto understand their role in early Galactic chemical evolution.
| Lithium in Large Magellanic Cloud carbon stars
19 carbon stars that show lithium enrichment in their atmospheres havebeen discovered among a sample of 674 carbon stars in the LargeMagellanic Cloud. Six of the Li-rich carbon stars are of the J type,i.e. they show strong 13C isotopic features. No super-Li-richcarbon stars were found. The incidence of lithium enrichment amongcarbon stars in the LMC is much rarer than in the Galaxy, and about fivetimes more frequent among J-type than among N-type carbon stars. Thebolometric magnitudes of the Li-rich carbon stars range between -3.3 and-5.7. Existing models of Li-enrichment via the hot bottom burningprocess fail to account for all of the observed properties of theLi-enriched stars studied here.
| Hipparcos red stars in the HpV_T2 and V I_C systems
For Hipparcos M, S, and C spectral type stars, we provide calibratedinstantaneous (epoch) Cousins V - I color indices using newly derivedHpV_T2 photometry. Three new sets of ground-based Cousins V I data havebeen obtained for more than 170 carbon and red M giants. These datasetsin combination with the published sources of V I photometry served toobtain the calibration curves linking Hipparcos/Tycho Hp-V_T2 with theCousins V - I index. In total, 321 carbon stars and 4464 M- and S-typestars have new V - I indices. The standard error of the mean V - I isabout 0.1 mag or better down to Hp~9 although it deteriorates rapidly atfainter magnitudes. These V - I indices can be used to verify thepublished Hipparcos V - I color indices. Thus, we have identified ahandful of new cases where, instead of the real target, a random fieldstar has been observed. A considerable fraction of the DMSA/C and DMSA/Vsolutions for red stars appear not to be warranted. Most likely suchspurious solutions may originate from usage of a heavily biased color inthe astrometric processing.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).}\fnmsep\thanks{Table 7 is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/397/997
| Carbon-rich giants in the HR diagram and their luminosity function
The luminosity function (LF) of nearly 300 Galactic carbon giants isderived. Adding BaII giants and various related objects, about 370objects are located in the RGB and AGB portions of the theoretical HRdiagram. As intermediate steps, (1) bolometric corrections arecalibrated against selected intrinsic color indices; (2) the diagram ofphotometric coefficients 1/2 vs. astrometric trueparallaxes varpi are interpreted in terms of ranges of photosphericradii for every photometric group; (3) coefficients CR andCL for bias-free evaluation of mean photospheric radii andmean luminosities are computed. The LF of Galactic carbon giantsexhibits two maxima corresponding to the HC-stars of the thick disk andto the CV-stars of the old thin disk respectively. It is discussed andcompared to those of carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds and Galacticbulge. The HC-part is similar to the LF of the Galactic bulge,reinforcing the idea that the Bulge and the thick disk are part of thesame dynamical component. The CV-part looks similar to the LF of theLarge Magellanic Cloud (LMC), but the former is wider due to thesubstantial errors on HIPPARCOS parallaxes. The obtained meanluminosities increase with increasing radii and decreasing effectivetemperatures, along the HC-CV sequence of photometric groups, except forHC0, the earliest one. This trend illustrates the RGB- and AGB-tracks oflow- and intermediate-mass stars for a range in metallicities. From acomparison with theoretical tracks in the HR diagram, the initial massesMi range from about 0.8 to 4.0 Msun for carbongiants, with possibly larger masses for a few extreme objects. A largerange of metallicities is likely, from metal-poor HC-stars classified asCH stars on the grounds of their spectra (a spheroidal component), tonear-solar compositions of many CV-stars. Technetium-rich carbon giantsare brighter than the lower limit Mbol =~ -3.6+/- 0.4 andcentered at =~-4.7+0.6-0.9 at about =~(2935+/-200) K or CV3-CV4 in our classification. Much like the resultsof Van Eck et al. (\cite{vaneck98}) for S stars, this confirms theTDU-model of those TP-AGB stars. This is not the case of the HC-stars inthe thick disk, with >~ 3400 K and>~ -3.4. The faint HC1 and HC2-stars( =~ -1.1+0.7-1.0) arefound slightly brighter than the BaII giants ( =~-0.3+/-1.3) on average. Most RCB variables and HdC stars range fromMbol =~ -1 to -4 against -0.2 to -2.4 for those of the threepopulation II Cepheids in the sample. The former stars show the largestluminosities ( <~ -4 at the highest effectivetemperatures (6500-7500 K), close to the Mbol =~ -5 value forthe hot LMC RCB-stars (W Men and HV 5637). A full discussion of theresults is postponed to a companion paper on pulsation modes andpulsation masses of carbon-rich long period variables (LPVs; Paper IV,present issue). This research has made use of the Simbad databaseoperated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Partially based on data from theESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite. Table 2 is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/390/967
| Reprocessing the Hipparcos data for evolved giant stars II. Absolute magnitudes for the R-type carbon stars
The Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data for carbon stars have beenreprocessed using an algorithm which provides an objective criterion forrejecting anomalous data points and constrains the parallax to bepositive. New parallax solutions have been derived for 317 cool carbonstars, mostly of types R and N. In this paper we discuss the results forthe R stars. The most important result is that the early R stars (i.e.,R0 - R3) have absolute magnitudes and V-K colors locating them among redclump giants in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The average absolutemagnitude MK for early R-type stars (with V - K < 4) hasbeen derived from a Monte-Carlo simulation implicitly incorporating allpossible biases. It appears that the simulated magnitude distributionfor a population with a true Gaussian distribution of mean MK= -2.0 and intrinsic standard deviation 1.0 mag provides a satisfactorymatch to the observed distribution. These values are consistent with theaverage absolute magnitude MK = -1.6 for clump red giants inthe solar neighborhood (Alves 2000). Further, early R-type stars arenon-variable, and their infrared photometric properties show that theyare not undergoing mass loss, properties similar to those of the redclump giants. Stars with subtypes R4 - R9 tend to be cooler and havesimilar luminosity to the N-type carbon stars, as confirmed by theirposition in the (J-H, H-K) color-color diagram. The sample of earlyR-type stars selected from the Hipparcos Catalogue appears to beapproximately complete to magnitude K0 ~ 7, translating intoa completeness distance of 600 pc if all R stars had MK= -2(400 pc if MK= -1). With about 30 early R-type stars in thatvolume, they comprise about 0.04% (0.14% for MK= -1) of thered clump stars in the solar neighborhood. Identification with the redclump locates these stars at the helium core burning stage of stellarevolution, while the N stars are on the asymptotic giant branch, wherehelium shell burning occurs. The present analysis suggests that for asmall fraction of the helium core burning stars (far lower than thefraction of helium shell-burning stars), carbon produced in the interioris mixed to the atmosphere in sufficient quantities to form a carbonstar. Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satelliteoperated by the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).
| The effective temperatures of carbon-rich stars
We evaluate effective temperatures of 390 carbon-rich stars. Theinterstellar extinction on their lines of sights was determined andcircumstellar contributions derived. The intrinsic (dereddened) spectralenergy distributions (SEDs) are classified into 14 photometric groups(HCi, CVj and SCV with i=0,5 and j=1,7). The newscale of effective temperatures proposed here is calibrated on the 54angular diameters (measured on 52 stars) available at present from lunaroccultations and interferometry. The brightness distribution on stellardiscs and its influence on diameter evaluations are discussed. Theeffective temperatures directly deduced from those diameters correlatewith the classification into photometric groups, despite the large errorbars on diameters. The main parameter of our photometric classificationis thus effective temperature. Our photometric < k right >1/2 coefficients are shown to be angular diameters on arelative scale for a given photometric group, (more precisely for agiven effective temperature). The angular diameters are consistent withthe photometric data previously shown to be consistent with the trueparallaxes from HIPPARCOS observations (Knapik, et al. \cite{knapik98},Sect. 6). Provisional effective temperatures, as constrained by asuccessful comparison of dereddened SEDs from observations to modelatmosphere predictions, are in good agreement with the values directlycalculated from the observed angular diameters and with those deducedfrom five selected intrinsic color indices. These three approaches wereused to calibrate a reference angular diameter Phi 0 and theassociated coefficient CT_eff. The effective temperatureproposed for each star is the arithmetic mean of two estimates, one(``bolometric'') from a reference integrated flux F0, theother (``spectral'') from calibrated color indices which arerepresentative of SED shapes. Effective temperatures for about 390carbon stars are provided on this new homogeneous scale, together withvalues for some stars classified with oxygen-type SEDs with a total of438 SEDs (410 stars) studied. Apparent bolometric magnitudes are given.Objects with strong infrared excesses and optically thick circumstellardust shells are discussed separately. The new effective temperaturescale is shown to be compatible and (statistically) consistent with thesample of direct values from the observed angular diameters. Theeffective temperatures are confirmed to be higher than the mean colortemperatures (from 140 to 440 K). They are in good agreement with thepublished estimates from the infrared flux method forTeff>= 3170 K, while an increasing discrepancy is observedtoward lower temperatures. As an illustration of the efficiency of thephotometric classification and effective temperature scale, the C/Oratios and the Merrill-Sanford (M-S) band intensities are investigated.It is shown that the maximum value, mean value and dispersion of C/Oincrease along the photometric CV-sequence, i.e. with decreasingeffective temperature. The M-S bands of SiC2 are shown tohave a transition from ``none'' to ``strong'' at Teff =~(2800+/- 150right ) K. Simultaneously, with decreasing effectivetemperature, the mean C/O ratio increases from 1.04 to 1.36, thetransition in SiC2 strength occurring while 1.07<= C/O<= 1.18. This research has made use of the Simbad database operatedat CDS, Strasbourg, France. Table 10 is only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5)}or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/369/178
| General Catalog of Galactic Carbon Stars by C. B. Stephenson. Third Edition
The catalog is an updated and revised version of Stephenson's Catalogueof Galactic Cool Carbon Stars (2nd edition). It includes 6891 entries.For each star the following information is given: equatorial (2000.0)and galactic coordinates, blue, visual and infrared magnitudes, spectralclassification, references, designations in the most significantcatalogs and coordinate precision classes. The main catalog issupplemented by remarks containing information for which there was noplace in entries of the main part, as well as some occasional notesabout the peculiarities of specific stars.
| The Role of Binaries in the Carbon Stars Pheonomenon
Not Available
| Dust extinction and intrinsic SEDs of carbon-rich stars. II. The hot carbon stars
The present work is an extension of a recent study by Knapik &Bergeat (\cite{knapik}, henceforth called Paper I) of the spectralenergy distributions (SEDs) of about 300 cool carbon-rich variables andof the interstellar extinction observed on their line of sights. Themethods were originally developed for Semi-Regular (SR) and Irregular(L)-variables. Shortly, this is a kind of a pair method making usesimultaneously of the whole SED from UV to IR. Our approach is appliedhere to the galactic carbon-rich giants with bluer SEDs, namely the hotcarbon (HC) stars, including many ``constant'' stars and a minority ofvariables: AC Her a RV Tau star, the R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars andothers. Some HdC (i.e. carbon-rich hydrogen deficient stars) and Ba IIstars are also considered. The total number of studied HC stars amountsto about 140. With few exceptions, the colour excesses for interstellarextinction are found in good agreement with the field values from mapspublished in the literature, taking into account the approximatedistances to our stars from HIPPARCOS data (\cite{esa}, henceforthcalled ESA) or binarity. We propose a classification scheme with sixphotometric groups (or boxes: HC0 to HC5) from the bluest to the reddestSEDs. Oxygen-rich SEDs earlier than HC0, are attributed to the hotteststars (AC Her, most RCB-variables and a few others). Previous findingsare confirmed of a junction between oxygen-rich and carbon-rich SEDs atspectral type G. The latest (HC5) group is immediately close to theearliest one in Paper I, namely CV1. The sequence of groups then goesregularly from HC0 to CV6. Substantial infrared excesses with respect toour solutions are found in HD 100764 a HC1 carbon star, AC Her a G0g RVTau star, and the RCB stars classified in either HC or oxygen-groups.The colour excesses at maximum light can usually be attributed tointerstellar reddening, with neutral circumstellar (CS) reddening (largegrains) or no CS extinction at all on the line of sight (non sphericalgeometry) as possible explanations. The latter model (disc or patchydistribution through successive puffs) is favoured. Two RCB variablesfor which we exploit SEDs on a rising branch (V CrA) or minimum light(RS Tel), show CS laws, respectively a selective extinction compatiblewith small grains and an extinction partly neutral indicative of largegrains on the line of sight. This research has made use of the Simbaddatabase operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.}\fnmsep\thanks{Partiallybased on data from the ESA HIPPARCOS astrometrysatellite}\fnmsep\thanks{Tables~3 and 4 are only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5
| Are the Bulge C-stars related to the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy?
Part of the mystery around the Bulge carbon stars from Azzopardi et al.(1991) is solved, if they are related to the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy.The carbon stars are in that case not metal-rich as previously thought,but they have a metallicity comparable to the LMC, with an age between0.1--1 Gyr. A significant fraction of the carbon stars still haveluminosities fainter than the lower LMC limit of M_bol =~ emto3;.(m) 5.A similar trend is present among some of the carbon stars found in otherdwarf spheroidals, but they do not reach a limit as faint as M_bol =~emto1;.(m) 4 found for the SMC. At present, the TP-AGB models cannotexplain the origin of carbon stars with M_bol>emto3.(m) 5 through asingle-star evolution scenario, even if they form immediately afterentering the TP-AGB phase. Mass transfer through binary evolution issuggested as a possible scenario to explain the origin of these lowluminosity carbon stars.
| The R Stars: Carbon Stars of a Different Kind
After $\sim$16 years of radial-velocity observations of a sample of 22R-type carbon stars, no evidence for binary motion has been detected inany of them. This is surprising considering that approximately 20\% ofnormal late-type giants are spectroscopic binaries, and the fraction isclose to 100\% in barium, CH, and subgiant/dwarf CH and barium stars. Itis suggested, therefore, that a process that has caused the mixing ofcarbon to the surface of these stars cannot act in a wide binary system.Possibly, the R stars were once all binaries, but with separations thatwould not allow them to evolve completely up the giant and asymptoticgiant branchs without coalescing. This coalescence may be the agentwhich causes carbon produced in the helium-core flash to be mixedoutwards to a region where convection zones can bring it to the surfaceof the star. (SECTION: Stars)
| A Moderate-Resolution Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars: R, J, N, CH, and Barium Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..105..419B&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| The Mass-To-Light Ratios of the Draco and Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies.I. Radial Velocities from Multifiber Spectroscopy
We have measured 206 radial velocities for 94 probable members in theUrsa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy and 167 velocities for 91 probablemembers in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. These velocities wereobtained using the KPNO 4 m telescope with the Hydra multifiberpositioner and bench spectrograph in 1992,1993, and 1994. Bothsimulations and repeated measurements show that the median uncertaintyin these velocities is 4.0 km/s. Our velocities are compared with theother major datasets for Draco and Ursa Minor. Aside from a smallzero-point difference, there is excellent agreement between the Hydravelocities and the Olszewski et al. MMT echelle velocities. Comparisonwith the Hargreaves et al. Ursa Minor velocities reveals inconsistencieswhich we ascribe to underestimated errors in the Hargreaves et al. data,After correcting for zero-point differences, we combine the three majorsets of velocities. Our spectra recovered all of the known Carbon (C)stars in Draco and Ursa Minor and revealed one new C star in Draco andtwo in Ursa Minor. In addition, one star whose velocity is consistentwith membership in Ursa Minor has a deep and wide Hβ absorptionline in its spectrum. An initial discussion of the kinematics of the twogalaxies is presented. The systemic velocities of Draco and Ursa Minorare -293.3 +/- 1.0 and -247.4 +/- 1.0 km s^-1^, respectively. Ursa Minorshows apparent rotation about a position angle of 75^deg^ with anamplitude of about 3 km s^-1^; the morphological major axis is 53^deg^+/-5^deg^. No such rotation is found in Draco. We find a velocitydispersion of 10.4 +/- 0.9 km s^-1^ for Ursa Minor including all starsand 8.8 +/- 0.8 km s^-1^ excluding the star with the most extremevelocity. In Draco we find 10.7 +/- 0.9 km s^-1^ including all stars and8.5 +/- 0.7 km s^-1^ excluding the three stars with the most extremevelocities. These dispersions are consistent with the dispersionsmeasured in the other two studies and confirm that Draco and Ursa Minorhave the largest mass-to-light ratios of any of the dwarf spheroidals.
| Nine Seasons of Velocity Measurements in the Draco and Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with the MMT Echelle
We have used the Multiple Mirror Telescope echelle spectrograph tomeasure 112 velocities of 42 stars in the Draco and Ursa Minor dwarfspheroidal galaxies and three velocities of three foreground starsbetween 1982 April and 1990 September. We used 11 A resolution spectraobtained with the MX multifiber spectrograph at the Steward 90" to findadditional giant candidates; 5 UMi and 13 Draco stars were then observedat the MMT and added to the original sample of velocity members. Inaddition, the MX spectra were used to eliminate 74 stars in thedirection of UMI and 59 stars in Draco as likely foreground dwarfs. Wedetected 7 velocity variables, defined as those stars whose probabilityof exceeding the measured X^2^ by chance is less than 1.5%. Three ofthese stars are Carbon (C) stars (UMi K and VA 335 and Draco C1); twohave emission lines (Draco CI and UMi M). We show that the C star DracoC4, with a proper motion membership probability of 7%, has a velocityconsistent with membership. It is not surprising that these C (mostlikely CH) stars are binaries because McClure has shown that mostGalactic CH stars are in binary systems. Of the remaining 35 stars, only4 are velocity variables, with measured velocity extrema of 29.1 kms^-1^ (UMi M), 7.2 km s^-1^ (Draco XI-2), 9.0 km s^-1^ (Draco 24), and8.3 km s^-1^ (Draco 473). The velocity dispersions are 10.1 +/- 1.7 kms^-1^ for UMi, and 9.9 +/- 1.4 km s^-1^ for Draco. These dispersionschange to 10.5 +/- 2.0 for UMi, and 8.2 +?- 1.3 for Draco if weeliminate the velocity variables. Our dispersion for UMi differs fromthat of Hargreaves et al. [MNRAS, 271,693 (1994b)] by 1.3σ of thecombined errors. These velocities are combined with the one-componentKing models of Pryor & Kormendy [AJ, 100,127 (1990)] to give M/L =73 for UMi, and 77 for Draco.
| Velocities of stars in remote Galactic satellites and the mass of the Galaxy
Observations of the two most distant known dwarf spheroidal Galacticsatellites, Leo I and II, and of two remote globular clusters, Eridanusand Pal 14, are presented. It is demonstrated that etalon spectra can beused for accurate wavelength calibration across the entire observedspectral range. Measured velocities of three stars in Eridanus, twostars in Pal 14, six stars in Leo I, and five stars in Leo II are usedto derive that the heliocentric systemic velocities of these systems are- 21 + or - 4, 72 + or - 4, 285 + or - 3, and 70 + or - 4 km/s,respectively. The value of the velocity for Leo I is in significantdisagreement with previously published values. Timing arguments are usedto estimate that the mass of the Galaxy is at least 13 x 10 to the 11thsolar. This value is valid only if Leo I is gravitationally bound to theGalaxy, and arguments supporting this assumption are presented.
| A general catalogue of cool carbon stars
Not Available
| Accurate radial velocities for carbon stars in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal
Velocities good to about + or - 1-2 km/s for seven of the eight knowncarbon stars in the Scupltor dwarf spheroidal galaxy are reported. Themean velocity for Sculptor, a quantity important for Galactic massestimates, but having a controversial past history, is found to be 109.2+ or - 4.5 km/s, which agrees well with recent observations of K giantsmade by Armandroff and Da Costa (1986). The C star velocity dispersionis also in good agreement with the K giant results of the latterauthors, after excluding one star that is a probable binary. It isargued that atmospheric motions are unlikely to influence dispersionsderived from warmer-temperature, lower-luminosity carbon stars of thetype measured here; duplicity effects are of far more serious concern.The Sculptor mass-to-light ratio derived is roughly double what is foundfor typical Galactic globulars, a difference that may arise either fromthe presence of dark matter, or from variation of the mass function. Ifthe latter effect is important, it is suggested that low-mass stars,rather than remnants, are more plausible as the major contributors tothe mass.
| Infrared flux excesses of the warm carbon stars
Infrared photometry of 31 stars having enhanced atmospheric carbonabundances (types R, CH, Ba II) has been obtained to test for thepresence of circumstellar dust emission reported by others. Supplementedby published ground-based and IRAS photometry, energy distributionsspanning the range 0.33-100 microns have been examined. No new excesseslarge enough to be ascribed to the presence of dust having T = 1000-1500K have been found in this survey of warm carbon stars. Some marginalevidence exists for the presence of warm (T = 300 K) dust associatedwith two stars. One star, BD + 17 deg 3325, earlier reported to haveexcess emission at 3.5 microns, has been shown to have no substantailflux excess at wavelengths as long as 4.6 microns, and perhaps 10.2microns. The distinctive colors of carbon-rich stars are found to becaused by increased line blanketing relative to the ordinary giants, andnot due to circumstellar dust emission.
| Spectrophotometry of carbon stars. III - Molecular absorption bands: Quantitative analysis
The C2, CN, SiC2, and CH molecular absorption bands of 56 carbon starsare analyzed quantitatively on the basis of the spectroscopicobservations reported by Ogansian et al. (1985); the results arepresented in tables and graphs. Features noted include a separation ofearly and late stars in the C2 Swan-system red/blue index diagram, aseparation of R and N stars in the (C-12)N/(C-13)N index diagram, and acorrelation between the 4976-A Merrill-Sanford band and the 5896/5890-ANa I doublet.
| CH stars as galaxy halo tracers
A spectroscopic survey of high-latitude carbon stars shows that many ofthese stars are CH stars with characteristically high space velocities.Some newly determined CH stars and others compiled from the literatureare employed to determine the local space density and kinematics ofthese stars. For the local space density, the surprisingly high value ofrho = 5.6 x 10 to the -9th/cu pc is obtained for M(V) ranging from -0.25to -2.2. The main result of the present study is that the velocitydispersion perpendicular to the galactic plane sigma(W) is alwaysgreater than approximately 114 km/s, irrespective of how the sample ofknown CH stars and CH star candidates is subdivided.
| The Spectrophotometry of Carbon Stars - Part Two
Not Available
| The Spectrophotometry of Carbon Stars - Part One
Not Available
| Spectral classification of carbon stars by means of photoelectric photometry of line strengths.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PASJ...29..731Y
| A general catalogue of cool carbon stars
Not Available
| Catalog of Indidual Radial Velocities, 0h-12h, Measured by Astronomers of the Mount Wilson Observatory
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1970ApJS...19..387A&db_key=AST
| The magnitudes, colors and motions of stars of spectral class R.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1958AJ.....63..477V&db_key=AST
| Carbon stars in zones 22[degrees] to 40[degrees] : Dearborn Survey of Faint Red Stars : Carbon Stars in Zones 22 [degrees] to 40 [degrees]
This Part 3 of the Annals is a continuation of the list of carbon starsin the Dearborn Survey of Faint Red Stars (stars 157 to 233).
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